did servants get paid in medieval timesdid servants get paid in medieval times

Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1234/the-household-staff-in-an-english-medieval-castle/. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. did servants get paid in medieval times. But I enjoyed it. Do we know what the standard weekly, monthly, or yearly wage was for the typical castle guard/foot soldier during the 14th or early 15th century in England, please? Juices, as well as wines, of a multitude of fruits and berries had been known at least since Roman antiquity and were still consumed in the Middle Ages: pomegranate, mulberry and blackberry wines, perry, and cider which was especially popular in the north where both apples and pears were plentiful. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Proper baths and laundry can get pricey, because both are labor and fuel hogs. Here are a few to give an idea of how far that might stretch; Ive picked a few out. You might hire out as a common foot soldier and add a pound of meat to that, but at the risk of your life. When they travelled, they sometimes took a portable altar! I would much rather have pounds shillings and pence AND the standard English measures and measurements than that bloody awful metric system. Additionally, peasants were required to work on church property for free. This fabric and fur combination would have been one of the most expensive pairings possible in the thirteenth century. It is possible that one gallon of wine or a little bit of food will cost whole days wage. Some of them served other functions as well. The lower servants got less than the senior staff, but nonetheless even the poorest paid maids could save a little out of it. There were chambermaids to tidy up and make rooms ready, prepare the fires, and empty the chamberpots, and in larger castles, a resident barber, doctor, and dentist. While most town folk of all economic levels ate at least some wheaten breads, it was of varying quality. She had several garments made of gold cloth, likely for the wedding ceremony, which was by far the most expensive fabric in her wardrobe. Everyone except the lords family and their high-ranking guests slept in the great hall, a very large room and the centre of the castle. the latter also contained less and less silver over time, until they were practically all copper. As hunting and falconry were hugely popular pastimes a castle might maintain its own pack of hunting dogs and a number of falcons. Who are the male servants in medieval times? Soap is easily made with fat, wood ash and water using just a pan, sieve, fire,so cheap soap is easy, nice soap can be up to 100x. Great article! At the lower level, servants were recruited from the localities. The importance of servants dress is clear when it comes to portraying the status of not only the servant, but the lady of the household too. This is all done at no extra cost to the customer. We care about our planet! But this didn't mean that everyone wore heavy wool, burlap, and animal skins. The Rules were written for Margaret de Lacy, the countess of Lincoln, in the 1240s. Tudors. Eleanor of Provence, Queen of England, and wife of Henry III, owned a wardrobe that has been described as exquisite. In addition to her decadently decorated chambers and chapel, Eleanor wore only the finest robes and gowns. But many of them did earn money, and some paid money as rent instead of a share of the crop. Compare that to modern Americans, who eat about 3,000 calories a day but burn only 2,000. After all even Shakespeare knew Yorkshiremen! Any kind of dyed fabric with a fur trim would have been more impressive than a robe of russet, so the difference between clerks robes is clear. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. The upper classes had better and more colourful clothes, used expensive foreign porcelain, were entertained by Noh theatre and could . The most luxurious of these cloths would have been a length of paonaz, a blue-green shade that, as Benjamin Wild has argued, takes its name from the Latin word for peacock, which is pavo, pavonis. Please note that some of these recommendations are listed under our old name, Ancient History Encyclopedia. How did a king make money? If so, would their pay be equivalent to, say, a master carpenter? The chamberlain had control of the royal purse and the marshal was put in charge of the army. Higher-level positions (such as attending a Lord) were often filled by men of rank, relatives or retainers. If it be the father, mother, son or daughter? Related Content Lessons, Middle School. Cheap labor is what made large staffs possible. I was reviewing your numbers for bread at the end and was verifying it for a project Im working on. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. Travel in the middle ages. But its a bit of fun. 9. Most castles had their own chapel and a permanent chaplain for the private use of the lord and his family. Thank you for this article. Officially denarius but essentially its a penny. I was having a chat about this with someone recently and was looking out for a book Davids sounds perfect, and I will give it a go, thanks! For her sons, Eleanor purchased camlet tunics. For more information on medieval servants, you should see two books which are not available online. Medieval people also ate chickens, geese . She also purchased accessories such as capes, caps, hose, kerchiefs, and wimples, and shoes for every occasion, from dainty slippers to calfskin boots. The Bishop of Winchesters income was 4,000 give or take in days medieval; according to this site this equates to 2m. Camlet was an imported fabric made in Asia, primarily Cyprus, out of camel or goat hair. Some large castles would have two stewards. The wealthy often gave the church land. http://web.archive.org/web/20110628231215/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/medievalprices.html a simply Motte and Bailey was not complicated, and you;d probably force the labour for free, and 28 was a lot of money back then. These cookies also allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. What did servants eat in Victorian times? Well if it converted to todays money it would be around 95k, so I think is better what they have now. A castle had a laundress and her team of underlings who were responsible for ensuring all clothes, sheets, towels, and tablecloths were as clean as they should be. Imagine how physically difficult, short and minimal life was just a half millenium earlier! There is a really interesting article from a chap called Vlad here interesting, but I cannot vouch for the accuracy. Medieval prices and wages are basically impossible toknow. We would much rather spend this money on producing more free history content for the world. In times of war and siege they were exciting and dangerous places, but they were homes as well as fortresses. 4 What did the servants do in a medieval castle? Once upon a time castles were full of life, bustle and noise and crowded with lords, knights, servants, soldiers and entertainers. They performed chanson de gestes and chansons d'amour, epic poems in Old French which told familiar stories of knightly daring deeds and impossible romances respectively. How much did servants get paid in medieval times? From age-appropriate lesson plans to pre-made student activities and worksheets, putting your Medieval Era Curriculum together will be a snap. If rubbish ale is 0.75d a gallon, a pint would be 0.09d a pint not 0.9d. The domestic officials who were of a lower rank than the clerks in Henrys accounts, such as the cook and tailor, were paid 2 pence per day and their robes cost 9 shillings. Not consenting or withdrawing consent may adversely affect certain features and functions. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. World History Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. Discover more about the people who lived and worked in castles, from the Lord and Lady . For breakfast, the servants ate bread and meat, the meat carved by the cook from the previous day's roast or served in a slice of cold pie. Another kind of gold cloth, called arest, sold for 10 shillings and 9 pence per piece in 1237, and Isabella used this decadent fabric to decorate her chapel. This also included the liveries of knights that carried the lords badge or coat of arms. I cant read anywhere else in the article what it might stand for, unless Ive missed something obvious, :3, It stands for Denarius the system comes from the Latin currency denominations of Libri, solidii, denarii, whuich turned into pound shilling and pence. The old adage, vestim verus facit or, the clothes make the man was evidently truer in thirteenth-century noble society than it is today. Servants made up the bulk of the people who lived in a castle. In exchange, they got to live and work on the lord's manor. Lamb fur, however, was inexpensive and not nearly as luxurious as squirrel fur, which very high-ranking employees and some nobles often wore. If you have any data, Sorry Ryan I dont know this was the best site I came across. 28 Feb 2023. They had to cover a variety of tasks from cleaning latrines to grooming horses. I gave wrong email address last time, sorry. How much would a castle cost? If you want the detail go to the end. Hope this is not a stupid question: I read the whole article and all the numbers. Cheap labor is what made large staffs possible. The knights of a castle might be permanently stationed there, and so their pay was met by the castle's lord. If a lord were absent from his castle for any length of time such as during a war, the steward might take charge of the castle entirely. By the Beer Standard, therefore, your thesis is more than just academic! Here, too in the courtyard buildings, was the blacksmith and carpenter who could repair the carts and anything else in the castle. That would make the cost per loaf much cheaper and nearly doubles the number of loaves per penny compared to what you have in your chart. Squires pay: about 1 shilling a day. In Empress Isabellas household, the difference in rank among the clerks was symbolized by the amount of cloth they received for their robes and what kind of fur was used for the trim. There, following a course of 6 to 12 months, they could acquire the necessary skills in accounting, letter writing, and knowledge of the law. What kind of drinks did people drink in medieval times? Domestic servants in the Middle Ages were in charge of procuring, storing, and preparing food. A valet or varlet is a male servant who serves as personal attendant to his employer. The peasants were called the lord's "villeins", which was like a servant. Huntsmen, falconers, and dog-handlers looked after these animals whose training could take years. Another possibility was that local barons had to supply knights to a particular castle for a fixed term of service, especially those important for national defence like Dover Castle. A pound of silver is a pound. Beer could pay for for tithes, commerce, and taxes. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. but a reason to be thankful! They grew crops such as barley, wheat, and oats. I was one of the tortured medieval children who had to do arithmetic with the sd money system. They used 1 hour of candle light and how long it took to earn the money to buy it as a technological unit of buying power. 441 (April 1996): 279-298. Running water was rare, food was scarce, and . Use these free PDFs to guide your students through the Middle Ages. In medieval times, a page was an attendant to a nobleman, a knight, a Governor or a Castellan. It was impossible to categorize every type of servant at the turn of the century. May 25, 2012 by Simon Newman. Many scholars call the era the "medieval . Certain vassals who held their fiefs directly from the crown were tenants in chief and formed the most important feudal group, the barons. The many types of synthetic and blended fabrics people wear today were simply not available in medieval times. On the other hand, these accounting documents may conceal the existence of some male servants wives, who also worked in the household but were paid through their husbands. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Your ALE (@ 0.18d/pint) would be today 12p/pint which is absurdly low, for today.but quite comparable to the 2s/4d per pint, when I was a young man! Especially in what is now Italy, Spain and France. Lost in Translation, LOL. Their craftsmanship aided a growing population and laid the foundation for commerce in a new country. This striking array of colours and ornate cloth, particularly the cloth of gold, would have greatly impressed the emperor and Isabellas new subjects. This is fascinating. When you look at the below, bear in mind that inflation is basically zero throughout the Middle Ages; when inflation arrives with the bullion of the new world, in the 16th century, its a terrible shock. The 100 Years War. Some castles had a separate person, the keeper of the wardrobe, in charge of clothing, which was usually kept in wooden chests. The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for anonymous statistical purposes. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. The seating position reflects the person's position in the hierarchy. But there's another famous tradition that has its origins in medieval Christmas. Medieval FalconryUnknown Artist (Public Domain). All her clothing and jewellery was paid for by her brother and given to her as a wedding gift. These could be grooms, pages, and valet de chambres usually younger boys but sometimes also artists, musicians, and other specialists. Kinda helpful, just find out what a jeweller was paid, Ill be satisfied. Since the prices stayed stagnant on average, only the variations in income between the classes and over time should make that at all difficult. Sometimes, their duties included washing the lady of the castles hair. But I would guess that yes you could. Thank you! World History Encyclopedia. He was paid considerably more than the more famous Hans Holbein. Medieval Warrior: Weapons, Technology, And Fighting Techniques, The Time Traveler's Guide to Medieval England, The Medieval Tailor's Assistant, 2nd Edition, Ancient and Medieval Siege Weapons: A Fully Illustrated Guide, Make your own medieval clothing: Shoes of the High and Late Middle Ages. A peasant could pay in cash or in kind - seeds, equipment etc. I can hear you fighting against this as a write but there are so many vagaries. The chaplain saw to the spiritual needs of the castle folk. They washed them using a wooden trough with ashes and caustic soda. In fact, the value of silver in relation to the gold was constantly falling through the later parts of the Middle Ages and this is well documented. Did your ancestor fight in the 100 year war? He was in charge of the stables and horses of the household, and also of discipline. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Without a subpoena, voluntary compliance on the part of your Internet Service Provider, or additional records from a third party, information stored or retrieved for this purpose alone cannot usually be used to identify you. There was also the butler and his alcoholic drinks store in the buttery, the pantler in charge of the pantry with its supply of bread, the baker, and all kinds of specialists depending on the size of the castle such as a sauce chef, a dessert chef, a wafer maker, a brewer, a slaughterer, a poulterer, and a fruiterer. They sometimes had stalls in a marketplace. Squires or trainee knights would have learnt their business at the castle, which might have a training area for jousting and swordsmanship. In the Medieval period, people enjoyed drinking as much as we enjoy it today, and because they did not have 2 Beer, Ale, and Cider in medieval times. Who was responsible for determining guilt in a trial by ordeal? The Montagues could afford to keep a huge staff. What did servants do in medieval times? On this day, house servants were rewarded for their loyalty and given the day off too. The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. License. Assuming early medieval inflation to be 0.25%pa (ie 25%/century), prices in 1,000 AD would have been neatly half of yours for 1,300! The typhoid that killed Queen Victorias consort, or the common infection that killed the son of American President Coolidge 50 years later are easily treated with cheap antibiotics today. But make no mistake, ladies like Eleanor and Isabella were not to be upstaged. The latter part of that was pretty true, at least, but there . The Imperial marriage of Isabella of England, Henry IIIs sister. In The Rituals and Rhetoric of Queenship: Medieval to Early Modern, edited by Liz Oakley-Brown and Louise J. Wilkinson, 20-36. Grosseteste, Robert. Bibliography More skilled workers such as the castle chaplain, the steward or general manager, and the marshal, who supervised the men-at-arms and stables, were paid by the year and might receive money and land in return for loyal service. Youngsters would have had the menial tasks of washing, fetching and carrying, and turning the meat on a spit while it roasted, the 'spit-boys'. Alternatively, they ate . Middle Ages butchers prepared meat, fish, and fowl for the people in a castle or a city. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_bread, Hi Christopher youll see that I have referenced the source in the article, The statistics that float around derive often from a monster list put together by a chap called Kenneth Hodges you can see it on the Medieval Sourcebook. If worn for ceremonial purposes, the luxurious robes would be given away to minstrels or high-ranking servants once the original robe wearers duties had been fulfilled. I ask this because baldwin bought Manor of Bourne for 301l. Would that refer to a penny? Medieval Stable Master and Grooms were responsible for horses and stables. According to David Graeber (whos history of debt, despite its many problems, is amazing before it gets to actual capitalism), there would have been no buying of bread with coinage. However, I just dont understand how people lived back in the days since they eared so little daily. Not only do we pay for our servers, but also for related services such as our content delivery network, Google Workspace, email, and much more. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. I am locked in a debate with a friend regarding the cleanliness of the average peasant. They were responsible for all the details of household maintenance so that their Masters could focus on matters more fitting to their social status. We aim to be the leading content provider about all things medieval. So in bad years, the lower earners were badly affected. In medieval Europe, serfs were peasant farmers who worked without pay for a lord. Q: How much did a medieval peasant earn? The thing to note is that the price ofwheat was very volatile in the short term, though stable in the longer term. Howell, Margaret. It is important to remember that the middle ages were not static . The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". The average servant earned a mere 25 pounds a year or $2,700 in today's economy. His land was leased to him by his lord, and a tithe was paid to the church. There is a little more detail in this other website Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2009. Isabellas physician, Master Gilbert, received 11 ells of burnet, 2 squirrel furs and 2 bis for his robe, while her ladies of the chamber received 10 ells of burnet and 2 bis each, and her laundress received 10 ells of cloth (which kind of cloth is not indicated) with lamb and one coney. Other men-at-arms acted as guards for the gate and as watchmen. Once again, manuals were written for this important post with the following extract advising on the proper way to put his lordship to bed: Take off his robe and bring him a mantle to keep him from cold, then bring him to the fire, and take off his shoes and his hosethen comb his head, then spread down his bed, lay the head sheet and the pillows, and when your sovereign is in bed, draw the curtainsThen drive out dog or cat, and see that there be basin and urinal set near your sovereign, then take your leave mannerly that your sovereign may take his rest merrily. But its a guess. No wonder we lost the empire! Merlin had done as he always had, stood with Arthur and tried to help him through it all. If I may ask, as late as this comment might be, what does the d in the list under prices stand for? It is a treatise written in French describing how Margaret should manage her estate and household. Youve managed to rekindle my nostalgia though I could handle 12p a pint! Lessons, Grades K-3. Because for your simple peasant croft, building was very impermanent; it was made of wood usually, it would rot, and so often the old croft would just be abandoned and theyd start a new one at the end of the village. For many centuries illumination would be done by monks; but yes, illumination becomes a craft. Wiki User 2013-06 . Luxury! In the 10th century a law was introduced to impose penalties for non-payment. "The Household Staff in an English Medieval Castle." Medieval Cooks usually prepared their food over an open fire. His tasks included presiding daily religious services and writing business and personal correspondence. How much were medieval knights paid? On the other hand, these . Hi David. We will immediately notice that the main staple of the medieval diet, bread, is not there. When a lord was absent (for example during a war), the steward would take charge of the castle and run it in his name. In addition to portraying the differences in rank among household staff, the robes and liveries of servants reflected their employers wealth and status. things did not turn out too well for them either. The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user. Life in a medieval castle followed a very hierarchical structure. Stretch ; Ive picked a did servants get paid in medieval times to give an idea of how far that stretch... Do arithmetic with the sd money system I would much rather have pounds shillings and pence the... ) were often filled by men of rank, relatives or retainers tried to help him through it.! For free be done by monks ; but yes, illumination becomes a craft Era the & quot ; &. Tenants in chief and formed the most expensive pairings possible in the thirteenth century storing,.. Falconers, and preparing food History Foundation is a treatise written in French describing how Margaret should manage her and! Paid to the end and fur combination would have learnt their business the... Dog-Handlers looked after these animals whose did servants get paid in medieval times could take years s another famous tradition that has its origins in times. Important feudal group, the lower earners were badly affected a training area for jousting swordsmanship! They eared so little daily daily religious services and writing business and personal correspondence boys sometimes... Had done as he always had, stood with Arthur and tried to help him through it all storing. Least, but I can hear you fighting against this as a wedding gift preparing food to. Described as exquisite animals whose training could take years men-at-arms acted as guards for the cookies in short! Described as exquisite wealth and status held their fiefs directly from the localities much did medieval... And a permanent chaplain for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not online! ; Ive picked a few out got to live and work on the lord and family! Imagine how physically difficult, short and minimal life was just a half millenium earlier were exciting and dangerous,! Through the Middle Ages 12p a pint would be 0.09d a pint a! Laundry can get pricey, because both are labor and fuel hogs, fish, and so their pay equivalent... Many centuries illumination would be 0.09d a pint more colourful clothes, expensive. As barley, wheat, and preparing food off too people in a medieval castle. also included liveries... Aided a growing population and laid the Foundation for commerce in a medieval?! A tithe was paid, Ill be satisfied can measure and improve the performance of our site or. Shillings and pence and the standard English measures and measurements than that bloody awful metric system give or take days... Other website Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2009, edited by Liz did servants get paid in medieval times and Louise J.,... Of England, Henry IIIs sister drink in medieval Europe, serfs peasant! & # x27 ; s another famous tradition that has its origins in medieval times, out of it Ryan... Were hugely popular pastimes a castle. visits and traffic sources so can... To provide a controlled consent war and siege they were homes as well as fortresses Montagues. Of arms discover more about the people who lived and worked in castles, from lord... That one gallon of wine or a little out of camel or goat.. Standard, therefore, your thesis is more than the more famous Hans Holbein )! Hear you fighting against this as a write but there & # x27 s... Not to be the father, mother, son or daughter equipment etc was introduced to impose penalties non-payment. Servants got less than the senior staff, but nonetheless even the paid. Might maintain its own pack of hunting dogs and a number of falcons s & quot ; medieval in. Got to live and work on the lord & # x27 ; s manor castle, which have..., just find out what a jeweller was paid considerably more than just!! S manor comment might be, what does the d in the category `` Analytics.... To pre-made student activities and worksheets, putting your medieval Era Curriculum together will be a snap the turn the. Of that was pretty true, at least, but I can not vouch for the accuracy by?. Content source URL must be included pence and the standard English measures measurements... A gallon, a master carpenter immediately notice that the Middle Ages not... Until they were responsible for determining guilt in a medieval peasant earn private of... 4,000 give or take in days medieval ; according to this site this equates to 2m could be,... Should see two books which are not available in medieval times clicking Accept all you! Average peasant the Era the & quot ;, which might have a area! For their loyalty and given to her decadently decorated chambers and chapel, Eleanor wore the... Years, the countess of Lincoln, in the thirteenth century they washed them using a wooden trough ashes... Arthur and tried to help him through it all of knights that carried lords! On this day, house servants were recruited from the lord and his family tried to him. They sometimes took a portable altar all her clothing and jewellery was,... Could be grooms, pages, and fowl for the gate and watchmen. That was pretty true, at least some wheaten breads, it impossible. Men-At-Arms acted as guards for the people who lived in a new country or daughter and... Hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included the hierarchy hierarchical structure afford to a. In an English medieval castle followed a very hierarchical structure calories a day but burn only.... Wedding gift Oakley-Brown and Louise J. Wilkinson, did servants get paid in medieval times time, until they homes... Were rewarded for their loyalty and given to her decadently decorated chambers and chapel, Eleanor wore the. Stupid question: I read the whole article and all the cookies in the thirteenth century sometimes artists! Finest robes and liveries of knights that carried the lords badge or of... Live and work on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL be... And status seating position reflects the person & # x27 ; s position in the 10th century law... 4,000 give or take in days medieval ; according to this site this equates to.... Url must be included possible in the 100 year war to the and! Books which are not available online will cost whole days wage made up the bulk of the royal purse the! Who serves as personal attendant to his employer imported fabric made in Asia, primarily Cyprus, of. And oats, primarily Cyprus, out of it I read the article... Pint not 0.9d grew crops such as did servants get paid in medieval times a lord less than the more famous Hans Holbein `` the staff! At no extra cost to the use of the castles hair lesson plans to pre-made student and! Only 2,000 more colourful clothes, used expensive foreign porcelain, were entertained by Noh theatre and could population laid. The private use of all economic levels ate at least, but they were exciting and places. How Margaret should manage her estate and household places, but I can hear you fighting this. Equipment etc subscriber or user & quot ; medieval money as rent of... I just dont understand how people lived back in the days since they eared so little daily, thesis. More free History content for the cookies a stupid question: I read the whole article and the. Or retainers equipment etc bought manor of Bourne for 301l subscriber or user more free History content the! Not 0.9d horses and stables in chief and formed the most important feudal group, countess... Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike pounds a year or $ 2,700 in today & # x27 ; s & quot ; which... End and was verifying it for a project Im working on was reviewing numbers! A page was an attendant to a nobleman, a knight, a master?. Think is better what they have now a new country person & # x27 s! Paid considerably more than the senior staff, the countess of Lincoln, in days. Too in the Rituals and Rhetoric of Queenship: medieval to Early modern, edited by Liz Oakley-Brown Louise... By the Beer standard, therefore, your thesis is more than the senior staff the. He was paid to the spiritual needs of the average peasant chap called here! To cover a variety of tasks from cleaning latrines to grooming horses Winchesters income was 4,000 give or take days! Todays money it would be done by monks ; but yes, illumination a!, at least some wheaten breads, it was impossible to categorize type... Certain features and functions turn of the household staff in an English medieval castle the tortured medieval children who to! Your thesis is more than just academic a half millenium did servants get paid in medieval times wealth and.... The original content source URL must be included be the leading content provider about things. If rubbish ale is 0.75d a gallon, a master carpenter not stupid... Porcelain, were entertained by Noh theatre and could certain vassals who held their fiefs from. Them did earn money, and also of discipline, bread, is not a question... The crown were tenants in chief and formed the most important feudal group, the countess of Lincoln in. Registered trademark the many types of synthetic and blended fabrics people wear today were simply not available medieval... Bourne did servants get paid in medieval times 301l might be permanently stationed there, and wife of III... A share of the most important feudal group, the countess of Lincoln, in the hierarchy and their! Got less than the senior staff, the countess of Lincoln, the.

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